Loading...
    Loading...
    LEADERBOARD
labroots
Login here
Register Free
  • LOGIN
  • REGISTER FREE
  • Home
  • Virtual Events
      • Upcoming
      • On-Demand
      • Companies
      • Posters
      • Categories
      See More
      See More
      See More
      See More
      • Health & Medicine
      • Clinical & Molecular DX
      • Immunology
      • Cardiology
      • Cancer
      • Cell & Molecular Biology
      • Genetics & Genomics
      • Microbiology
      • Neuroscience
      • Plants & Animals
      • Earth & The Environment
      • Chemistry & Physics
      • Technology
      • Cannabis Sciences
      • Drug Discovery & Development
  • Webinars
      • Upcoming
      • On-Demand
      • Categories
      See More
      See More
      • Health & Medicine
      • Clinical & Molecular DX
      • Immunology
      • Cardiology
      • Cancer
      • Cell & Molecular Biology
      • Genetics & Genomics
      • Microbiology
      • Neuroscience
      • Plants & Animals
      • Earth & The Environment
      • Chemistry & Physics
      • Technology
      • Cannabis Sciences
      • Drug Discovery & Development
  • Trending News
      • Most Recent
      • What's Hot
      • Categories
      See More
      See More
      • Health & Medicine
      • Clinical & Molecular DX
      • Immunology
      • Cardiology
      • Cancer
      • Cell & Molecular Biology
      • Genetics & Genomics
      • Microbiology
      • Neuroscience
      • Drug Discovery & Development
      • Plants & Animals
      • Cannabis Sciences
      • Earth & The Environment
      • Space & Astronomy
      • Chemistry & Physics
      • Technology
  • Multimedia
      • Sponsored Content
      • eBooks
      • Podcasts
      • Infographics
      See More
      See More
      See More
      See More
  • Products
      • Categories
      • Companies
      • New
      • Popular
      Antibodies
      Immunity, Immunoassay, Immunotherapy
      Assay Kits
      Detection, Quantification
      Biomolecules
      Proteins
      Cell Biology
      Cell function
      Cell-Based Assays
      Cell viability
      Cell/Tissue Culture
      Cell lines, Cell growth, Cell differentiation
      Chemicals and Reagents
      Reagent kits, Laboratory chemicals
      Drug Discovery and Development
      Target identification, High-throughput screening
      Flow Cytometry
      Immunophenotyping, Cell cycle analysis
      Genomics
      Genome sequencing, Transcriptomics
      Imaging (Bio-Imaging / Microscopy)
      Fluorescence imaging
      Lab Automation
      High-throughput screening, Robotics, Liquid handling systems
      Lab Equipment
      Centrifuges, Incubators, Homogenizers, Sonicators
      Life Sciences
      Biological research, Biotechnology
      Molecular Biology
      DNA replication, Gene expression, PCR
      Next Gen Sequencing
      DNA sequencing, High-throughput sequencing, NGS platforms, RNA sequencing, miRNA sequencing, Accessory Products
      Quality Control and Validation
      QC standards, Quality assurance
      Single Cell Analysis
      Transcriptomics
      Technology
      Biotechnology, Instrumentation, Data analysis
      See More
      See More
      See More
  • Companies
      • See More
    • Science Store
        • Men's T-Shirts
        • Women's T-Shirts
        • Accessories
        • Gift Cards
        • Gift Card Balance
        See More
        See More
        See More
        Gift Card $25
        Gift Card $50
        Gift Card $75
        Gift Card $100
        See More
        Labroots Store Gift Card Balance
        $0.00
        Balance
        Gift Card Number:

        No gift card matches the entered value.

    • Continuing Education
    • More
      • Virtual Events
        • All Virtual Events
        • Upcoming
        • On-Demand
        • Posters
        • Companies
        • Health & Medicine
        • Clinical & Molecular DX
        • Immunology
        • Cardiology
        • Cancer
        • Cell & Molecular Biology
        • Genetics & Genomics
        • Microbiology
        • Neuroscience
        • Plants & Animals
        • Earth & The Environment
        • Chemistry & Physics
        • Technology
        • Cannabis Sciences
        • Drug Discovery & Development
        Webinars
        • All Webinars
        • Upcoming
        • On-Demand
        • Health & Medicine
        • Clinical & Molecular DX
        • Immunology
        • Cardiology
        • Cancer
        • Cell & Molecular Biology
        • Genetics & Genomics
        • Microbiology
        • Neuroscience
        • Plants & Animals
        • Earth & The Environment
        • Chemistry & Physics
        • Technology
        • Cannabis Sciences
        • Drug Discovery & Development
        Trending News
        • Most Recent
        • What's Hot
        • Health & Medicine
        • Clinical & Molecular DX
        • Immunology
        • Cardiology
        • Cancer
        • Cell & Molecular Biology
        • Genetics & Genomics
        • Microbiology
        • Neuroscience
        • Drug Discovery & Development
        • Plants & Animals
        • Cannabis Sciences
        • Earth & The Environment
        • Space & Astronomy
        • Chemistry & Physics
        • Technology
        Multimedia
        • Sponsored Content
        • eBooks
        • Podcasts
        • Infographics
        Store
        Companies
        Science Store
        • Men's T-Shirts
        • Women's T-Shirts
        • Accessories
        • Gift Cards
        • Gift Card Balance
        Continuing Education
        Company
        • About Us
        • The Team
        • Careers
        • Press Room
        • Social Media
        • Press Releases
        • Editorial & Writing Team
        • Blog
        • Scholarships
        • RSS
        • Contact Us
        • Continuing Education
        • Leaderboard
        Advertise
        • Media Kit
        • Custom Virtual Events
        • Virtual Event Series
        • Hybrid Events
        • Digital Advertising
        • Webinars
        • Rate Card
        • Editorial Calendar
        • Posters
        • Case Studies
        • Testimonials
        • Request Demo
        Forms
        • Audience Selection Form
        • Social Media Preference Forms
        • Custom Virtual Event Email Form
        • Sponsored Content Selection Form
        Legal
        • Terms and Conditions
        • Privacy Policy
        • Order Policy
        • Shipping Policy
        • Copyrights
        • User Agreement
        • User Data Request
        Support
        Company
        • About Us
        • The Team
        • Careers
        • Press Room
        • Social Media
        • Press Releases
        • Editorial & Writing Team
        • Media Partnerships
        • Blog
        • Scholarships
        • Continuing Education
        • Leaderboard
        • Contact Us
        Advertise
        • Media Kit
        • Custom Virtual Events
        • Virtual Event Series
        • Hybrid Events
        • Digital Advertising
        • Webinars
        • Rate Card
        • Editorial Calendar
        • Posters
        • Case Studies
        • Testimonials
        • Request Demo
        Forms
        • Audience Selection Form
        • Social Media Preference Forms
        • Custom Virtual Event Email Form
        • Sponsored Content Selection Form
        Legal
        • Terms and Conditions
        • Privacy Policy
        • Order Policy
        • Shipping Policy
        • Copyrights
        • User Agreement
        • User Data Request
        Request Demo
        Interested in Advertising
        with Labroots?
        Have questions? Visit our Support pages
    Login here
    Register Free
    Follow

    Mass spectrometry and chromatography

    Mass spectrometry and chromatography are analytical tools used in various scientific fields. Mass spectrometry measures the mass-to-charge ratio of a molecule in a sample to calculate the precise weight of a particular component in a sample. Chromatography separates components in a mixture by passing them through a substance called a stationary phase where they are separated based on the speed by which they pass.

    Trending News

    • MAR 11, 2024
      Immunology
      Comparison of Protein Sequencing vs. Mass Spectrometry
      Input your information to
      to access this free gated article
      Comparison of Protein Sequencing vs. Mass Spectrometry
      The rapid growth of the field of proteomics since the early 2000s has been closely tied to the technological advancement ...
      Sponsored By: Quantum-Si
      6
      JAN 21, 2024
      Cannabis Sciences
      Study Examines the Effects of Maternal Cannabis Exposure on Placental Dysfunction
      Study Examines the Effects of Maternal Cannabis Exposure on Placental Dysfunction
      A study assessing maternal cannabis use effects on placental function used biological sampling to determine the associat ...
      Written By: Kerry Charron
      3
      SEP 26, 2023
      Space & Astronomy
      Scientists Unveil Revolutionary Test for Extraterrestrial Life Detection
      Scientists Unveil Revolutionary Test for Extraterrestrial Life Detection
      A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences examines an artificial intelligence-base ...
      Written By: Laurence Tognetti, MSc
      5
      JUL 27, 2023
      Cannabis Sciences
      Study of UK CBD Products Reveals Discrepancies Between Labeling and Reality
      Study of UK CBD Products Reveals Discrepancies Between Labeling and Reality
      Products containing cannabidiol (CBD) are available in many retail locations and online commerce, and there is increasin ...
      Written By: Kerry Charron
      4
      JUN 05, 2023
      Cannabis Sciences
      Pilot Study Experiments with Breathalyzer that Detects THC
      Pilot Study Experiments with Breathalyzer that Detects THC
      Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder teamed u ...
      Written By: Kerry Charron
      6
      APR 23, 2023
      Earth & The Environment
      Scientists Enhance Pesticide Exposure Monitoring Methods
      Scientists Enhance Pesticide Exposure Monitoring Methods
      Scientists at The University of Toledo created a more reliable strategy to monitor pesticide exposure and protect the he ...
      Written By: Kerry Charron
      3
      FEB 16, 2023
      Clinical & Molecular DX
      Scientists Develop an Accurate Way to Measure Antidepressants in Patients
      Scientists Develop an Accurate Way to Measure Antidepressants in Patients
      Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool for identifying the compounds in a sample; ...
      Written By: Carmen Leitch
      2
      JAN 23, 2023
      Microbiology
      A Method to Reveal Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome & Brain
      A Method to Reveal Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome & Brain
      Gut feelings can be very real. There are neurons that connect the gut directly to the brain, and this so-called gut-brai ...
      Written By: Carmen Leitch
      2
      NOV 01, 2022
      Chemistry & Physics
      Modern Pesticides Found in Archaeological Materials
      Modern Pesticides Found in Archaeological Materials
      It may or may not come as a surprise to some, but a lot of archaeological finds are found, well…underground. Quit ...
      Written By: Sarah Hoffman
      2
      AUG 11, 2022
      Cancer
      Exposure to "Forever Chemical" Linked to Liver Cancer
      Exposure to "Forever Chemical" Linked to Liver Cancer
      In 1938, Dr. Roy Plunkett made an accidental discovery!  He observed tetrafluoroethylene spontaneously polymerize i ...
      Written By: Katie Kokolus
      3 1
      AUG 02, 2022
      Technology
      Coolants in Disposable e-Cigarettes Pose Significant Health Risks
      Coolants in Disposable e-Cigarettes Pose Significant Health Risks
      e-Cigarettes skyrocketed in popularity when they were first introduced, especially when flavored cartridge e-cigarettes ...
      Written By: Ryan Vingum
      2
      JUL 14, 2022
      Clinical & Molecular DX
      A magnetic bead for every need: Expanding applications with conjugated magnetic beads
      A magnetic bead for every need: Expanding applications with conjugated magnetic beads
      Magnetic beads (or superparamagnetic particles) can be used for the isolation and purification of cells, nucleic acids, ...
      Sponsored By: Cytiva
      6
      MAY 25, 2022
      Chemistry & Physics
      Preventing Tooth Decay Using Tooth Gems: A Look into Ancient Mayan Dentistry
      Preventing Tooth Decay Using Tooth Gems: A Look into Ancient Mayan Dentistry
      Tooth gems are returning in 2022, but they didn’t originate with Black hip hop artists and rappers in the 90s&mdas ...
      Written By: Hannah Daniel
      2
      FEB 14, 2022
      Earth & The Environment
      Thousands of Chemicals Migrating from Plastic Bottles into Water
      Thousands of Chemicals Migrating from Plastic Bottles into Water
      While we have known for years that plastics can leach chemicals into our food, especially when heated, we still use plas ...
      Written By: Samantha Lott
      3
      FEB 11, 2022
      Cannabis Sciences
      Customized Phytocannabinoid Profiles: A Novel Source of Precision Therapeutics for Specific Cancer Subtypes?
      Customized Phytocannabinoid Profiles: A Novel Source of Precision Therapeutics for Specific Cancer Subtypes?
      According to a recent study published in Oncotarget, cannabis extracts may harbor the potential to eventually be tailore ...
      Written By: Nadine Husami
      1
      JAN 20, 2022
      Cannabis Sciences
      Cannabinoids Bind Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 & Emerging Variants to Prevent Infection in vitro
      Cannabinoids Bind Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 & Emerging Variants to Prevent Infection in vitro
      As the pandemic has progressed, multiple variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have e ...
      Written By: Nadine Husami
      2 1
      DEC 22, 2021
      Technology
      E-waste Recycling Processes Emit Synthetic Antioxidants With Possible Health Risks
      E-waste Recycling Processes Emit Synthetic Antioxidants With Possible Health Risks
      Electronic waste (e-waste) refers to electronic material that has reached the end of its life and is ready to be recycle ...
      Written By: Ryan Vingum
      2
      NOV 30, 2021
      Cannabis Sciences
      To Trust or Not to Trust the Process: Bioreactive Chemical Variation in Cannabis Extracts Based on Extraction Method
      To Trust or Not to Trust the Process: Bioreactive Chemical Variation in Cannabis Extracts Based on Extraction Method
      With cannabis legislation becoming increasingly less restrictive over the past 20 years, consumers have found themselves ...
      Written By: Nadine Husami
      1
      NOV 19, 2021
      Cannabis Sciences
      Topical CBD Reverses UV-Induced Changes in Skin
      Topical CBD Reverses UV-Induced Changes in Skin
      Results from a new study published in Nature’s Scientific Reports suggest that topical application of cannabidiol ...
      Written By: Nadine Husami
      2
      NOV 16, 2021
      Chemistry & Physics
      Are Disinfectant Byproducts in Tea a Cause for Concern?
      Are Disinfectant Byproducts in Tea a Cause for Concern?
      Before chlorine and other chemicals were used to treat our water, humans used to boil water to kill off bacteria and oth ...
      Written By: Hannah Daniel
      2
      OCT 28, 2021
      Cannabis Sciences
      RIP Indica/Sativa Cannabis Distinction - Trick, Treat, or Terpene?
      RIP Indica/Sativa Cannabis Distinction - Trick, Treat, or Terpene?
      For years, Cannabis growers, breeders, and users have distinguished cultivars using vernacular Sativa/Indica labels. Wit ...
      Written By: Nadine Husami
      2
      MAR 07, 2021
      Plants & Animals
      What's Terroir and Does Whiskey Have It?
      What's Terroir and Does Whiskey Have It?
      Terroir is a term usually associated with wine; it describes the environmental characteristics like climate and soil tha ...
      Written By: Carmen Leitch
      1
      JAN 13, 2021
      Cannabis Sciences
      Cannabis and Tobacco Smoke Contain Same Toxins
      Cannabis and Tobacco Smoke Contain Same Toxins
      Cannabis and tobacco smoke are known to share some of the same toxins. Now, researchers from Dana-Farber Cancer Institut ...
      Written By: Annie Lennon
      1
      DEC 03, 2020
      Cannabis Sciences
      Ozone Reacts with THC in Thirdhand Cannabis Smoke
      Ozone Reacts with THC in Thirdhand Cannabis Smoke
      Researchers from the University of Toronto have found that ozone, a component of outdoor and indoor air, reacts with tet ...
      Written By: Annie Lennon
      1
    MAR 11, 2024
    Immunology
    Comparison of Protein Sequencing vs. Mass Spectrometry
    Input your information to
    to access this free gated article
    Comparison of Protein Sequencing vs. Mass Spectrometry
    The rapid growth of the field of proteomics since the early 2000s has been closely tied to the technological advancement ...
    Sponsored By: Quantum-Si
    6
    JAN 21, 2024
    Cannabis Sciences
    Study Examines the Effects of Maternal Cannabis Exposure on Placental Dysfunction
    Study Examines the Effects of Maternal Cannabis Exposure on Placental Dysfunction
    A study assessing maternal cannabis use effects on placental function used biological sampling to determine the associat ...
    Written By: Kerry Charron
    3
    SEP 26, 2023
    Space & Astronomy
    Scientists Unveil Revolutionary Test for Extraterrestrial Life Detection
    Scientists Unveil Revolutionary Test for Extraterrestrial Life Detection
    A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences examines an artificial intelligence-base ...
    Written By: Laurence Tognetti, MSc
    5
    JUL 27, 2023
    Cannabis Sciences
    Study of UK CBD Products Reveals Discrepancies Between Labeling and Reality
    Study of UK CBD Products Reveals Discrepancies Between Labeling and Reality
    Products containing cannabidiol (CBD) are available in many retail locations and online commerce, and there is increasin ...
    Written By: Kerry Charron
    4
    JUN 05, 2023
    Cannabis Sciences
    Pilot Study Experiments with Breathalyzer that Detects THC
    Pilot Study Experiments with Breathalyzer that Detects THC
    Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder teamed u ...
    Written By: Kerry Charron
    6
     
     
  • APR 23, 2023
    Earth & The Environment
    Scientists Enhance Pesticide Exposure Monitoring Methods
    Scientists Enhance Pesticide Exposure Monitoring Methods
    Scientists at The University of Toledo created a more reliable strategy to monitor pesticide exposure and protect the he ...
    Written By: Kerry Charron
    3
    FEB 16, 2023
    Clinical & Molecular DX
    Scientists Develop an Accurate Way to Measure Antidepressants in Patients
    Scientists Develop an Accurate Way to Measure Antidepressants in Patients
    Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool for identifying the compounds in a sample; ...
    Written By: Carmen Leitch
    2
    JAN 23, 2023
    Microbiology
    A Method to Reveal Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome & Brain
    A Method to Reveal Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome & Brain
    Gut feelings can be very real. There are neurons that connect the gut directly to the brain, and this so-called gut-brai ...
    Written By: Carmen Leitch
    2
    NOV 01, 2022
    Chemistry & Physics
    Modern Pesticides Found in Archaeological Materials
    Modern Pesticides Found in Archaeological Materials
    It may or may not come as a surprise to some, but a lot of archaeological finds are found, well…underground. Quit ...
    Written By: Sarah Hoffman
    2
    AUG 11, 2022
    Cancer
    Exposure to "Forever Chemical" Linked to Liver Cancer
    Exposure to "Forever Chemical" Linked to Liver Cancer
    In 1938, Dr. Roy Plunkett made an accidental discovery!  He observed tetrafluoroethylene spontaneously polymerize i ...
    Written By: Katie Kokolus
    3 1
     
     
  • AUG 02, 2022
    Technology
    Coolants in Disposable e-Cigarettes Pose Significant Health Risks
    Coolants in Disposable e-Cigarettes Pose Significant Health Risks
    e-Cigarettes skyrocketed in popularity when they were first introduced, especially when flavored cartridge e-cigarettes ...
    Written By: Ryan Vingum
    2
    JUL 14, 2022
    Clinical & Molecular DX
    A magnetic bead for every need: Expanding applications with conjugated magnetic beads
    A magnetic bead for every need: Expanding applications with conjugated magnetic beads
    Magnetic beads (or superparamagnetic particles) can be used for the isolation and purification of cells, nucleic acids, ...
    Sponsored By: Cytiva
    6
    MAY 25, 2022
    Chemistry & Physics
    Preventing Tooth Decay Using Tooth Gems: A Look into Ancient Mayan Dentistry
    Preventing Tooth Decay Using Tooth Gems: A Look into Ancient Mayan Dentistry
    Tooth gems are returning in 2022, but they didn’t originate with Black hip hop artists and rappers in the 90s&mdas ...
    Written By: Hannah Daniel
    2
    FEB 14, 2022
    Earth & The Environment
    Thousands of Chemicals Migrating from Plastic Bottles into Water
    Thousands of Chemicals Migrating from Plastic Bottles into Water
    While we have known for years that plastics can leach chemicals into our food, especially when heated, we still use plas ...
    Written By: Samantha Lott
    3
    FEB 11, 2022
    Cannabis Sciences
    Customized Phytocannabinoid Profiles: A Novel Source of Precision Therapeutics for Specific Cancer Subtypes?
    Customized Phytocannabinoid Profiles: A Novel Source of Precision Therapeutics for Specific Cancer Subtypes?
    According to a recent study published in Oncotarget, cannabis extracts may harbor the potential to eventually be tailore ...
    Written By: Nadine Husami
    1
     
     
  • JAN 20, 2022
    Cannabis Sciences
    Cannabinoids Bind Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 & Emerging Variants to Prevent Infection in vitro
    Cannabinoids Bind Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 & Emerging Variants to Prevent Infection in vitro
    As the pandemic has progressed, multiple variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have e ...
    Written By: Nadine Husami
    2 1
    DEC 22, 2021
    Technology
    E-waste Recycling Processes Emit Synthetic Antioxidants With Possible Health Risks
    E-waste Recycling Processes Emit Synthetic Antioxidants With Possible Health Risks
    Electronic waste (e-waste) refers to electronic material that has reached the end of its life and is ready to be recycle ...
    Written By: Ryan Vingum
    2
    NOV 30, 2021
    Cannabis Sciences
    To Trust or Not to Trust the Process: Bioreactive Chemical Variation in Cannabis Extracts Based on Extraction Method
    To Trust or Not to Trust the Process: Bioreactive Chemical Variation in Cannabis Extracts Based on Extraction Method
    With cannabis legislation becoming increasingly less restrictive over the past 20 years, consumers have found themselves ...
    Written By: Nadine Husami
    1
    NOV 19, 2021
    Cannabis Sciences
    Topical CBD Reverses UV-Induced Changes in Skin
    Topical CBD Reverses UV-Induced Changes in Skin
    Results from a new study published in Nature’s Scientific Reports suggest that topical application of cannabidiol ...
    Written By: Nadine Husami
    2
    NOV 16, 2021
    Chemistry & Physics
    Are Disinfectant Byproducts in Tea a Cause for Concern?
    Are Disinfectant Byproducts in Tea a Cause for Concern?
    Before chlorine and other chemicals were used to treat our water, humans used to boil water to kill off bacteria and oth ...
    Written By: Hannah Daniel
    2
     
     
  • OCT 28, 2021
    Cannabis Sciences
    RIP Indica/Sativa Cannabis Distinction - Trick, Treat, or Terpene?
    RIP Indica/Sativa Cannabis Distinction - Trick, Treat, or Terpene?
    For years, Cannabis growers, breeders, and users have distinguished cultivars using vernacular Sativa/Indica labels. Wit ...
    Written By: Nadine Husami
    2
    MAR 07, 2021
    Plants & Animals
    What's Terroir and Does Whiskey Have It?
    What's Terroir and Does Whiskey Have It?
    Terroir is a term usually associated with wine; it describes the environmental characteristics like climate and soil tha ...
    Written By: Carmen Leitch
    1
    JAN 13, 2021
    Cannabis Sciences
    Cannabis and Tobacco Smoke Contain Same Toxins
    Cannabis and Tobacco Smoke Contain Same Toxins
    Cannabis and tobacco smoke are known to share some of the same toxins. Now, researchers from Dana-Farber Cancer Institut ...
    Written By: Annie Lennon
    1
    DEC 03, 2020
    Cannabis Sciences
    Ozone Reacts with THC in Thirdhand Cannabis Smoke
    Ozone Reacts with THC in Thirdhand Cannabis Smoke
    Researchers from the University of Toronto have found that ozone, a component of outdoor and indoor air, reacts with tet ...
    Written By: Annie Lennon
    1
    Let's Talk Science. Let's Talk Medicine.

    The leading scientific social networking website and producer of educational virtual events and webinars.

    About Us The Team Contact Us Careers Media Kit Virtual Events Posters Multimedia Blog Press Room Science Store Gift Card Balance
    Continuing Education Scholarships Leaderboard Order Policy Shipping Policy Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions User Agreement User Data Request Copyrights Support Chati
    © 2008-2025 Labroots Inc.
    Opens in a new window Opens an external site Opens an external site in a new window
    Modal title