"The level of precision is reminiscent of what one can do in a computer model, except here it was done in real heart cells, in real time," says Emilia Entcheva. (Credit: penjelly/Flickr)
Instead of using a pacemaker or drugs like beta blockers to regulate the heart’s electrical waves, researchers are exploring the idea of using light.
Electrical waves regulate the rhythm of the heartbeat, and when those signals go awry, the result is a potentially fatal arrhythmia. Most current methods to keep the waves in check are crude: they can stop or start waves but cannot provide fine control over the wave speed and direction. This is like being able to start or stop a boat but without the ability to steer it.
Scientists want to use light to steer the waves. To test the idea, they’re borrowing tools from the field of optogenetics, which uses genetic modification to alter cells so that they can be activated by light.
The technology has mainly been used to activate individual cells or to trigger electrical signals that travel from cell to cell as “excitation waves” in tissue. But in a recent paper published in
Nature Photonics, researchers describe how they used optogenetics to precisely control the activity of millions of cardiac cells.
“When there is scar tissue in the heart or fibrosis, this can cause part of the wave to slow down. This can cause re-entrant waves that spiral back around the tissue, causing the heart to beat much too quickly, which can be fatal,” says Gil Bub, lead author from Oxford University. “If we can control these spirals, we could prevent that.”
In their study, the researchers used a protein called channelrhodopsin, which was delivered to heart cells using gene therapy techniques to make them light-responsive. Then, using a computer-controlled light projector, the team was able to manipulate the speed of the cardiac waves, their direction, and even the orientation of spirals in real time—something that has never been shown before in a living system.
The ability to provide fine control means that researchers are able to carry out experiments at a level of detail previously only available using computer models. The finding also provides an experimental platform in which researchers can compare those models to experiments with real cells, potentially improving the understanding of how the heart works.
The method can also be applied to the physics of such waves in other processes. The long-term goal would be to use optogenetics to develop precise treatments for heart conditions.
“The level of precision is reminiscent of what one can do in a computer model, except here it was done in real heart cells, in real time,” says Emilia Entcheva, a professor of biomedical engineering, physiology, biophysics, and cardiology at Stony Brook University.
Big hurdles
“Precise control of the direction, speed, and shape of such excitation waves would mean unprecedented direct control of organ-level function, in the heart or brain, without having to focus on manipulating each cell individually,” she says. “This ideal therapy has remained in the realm of science fiction until now.”
Entcheva and colleagues emphasize that there are significant hurdles before optogenetics can be used to offer new treatments. One key issue is being able to alter the heart to be light-sensitized and being able to get the light to desired locations.
However, as gene therapy moves into the clinic and with miniaturization of optical devices, use of this all-optical technology may become possible. In the meantime, the research enables scientists to look into the physics behind many biological processes, including those in our brains and hearts.
Source:
Stony Brook University
This article was originally published on
futurity.org.
