How will we find life on Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, and Saturn’s icy moon, Enceladus? This is what a recent study published in Science Advances hopes to address as a team of international researchers investigate how ice grains that are discharged from the active plumes of these small moons could possess enough organic material for life to exist. This study holds the potential to help astrobiologists develop the necessary instruments and methods to find life on these small moons, specifically with NASA’s Europa Clipper scheduled to launch this October, whose goal will be to investigate Europa’s habitability potential.
Artist's illustration of Saturn's moon, Enceladus, seen here upside down as the plumes are on the south pole. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Image of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, obtained in natural light by NASA's Juno spacecraft. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill)
For the study, the researchers conducted laboratory experiments to simulate how future instruments could fly through the plumes to safely detect bacterial cells, even within one ice grain. The goal was to ascertain if one ice grain was sufficient in detecting bacterial cells as opposed to collecting bulk samples of ice grains. The researchers chose to investigate Sphingopyxis alaskensis, which is a known bacterium that resides off the coast of Alaska, due to its small size and ability to survive in cold environments with little nutrients. In the end, the researchers found they could detect this simple bacterium in a single ice grain using current instruments, including an advanced version of the SUrface Dust Analyzer onboard Europa Clipper.
“For the first time we have shown that even a tiny fraction of cellular material could be identified by a mass spectrometer onboard a spacecraft,” said Dr. Fabian Klenner, who is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Washington and lead author of the study. “Our results give us more confidence that using upcoming instruments, we will be able to detect lifeforms similar to those on Earth, which we increasingly believe could be present on ocean-bearing moons.”
This study comes after this same research team published a 2023 study in Nature where they identified phosphates, which are essential building blocks of life on Earth, within the ice grains discharged from Enceladus and detected by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft.
Will we find life on Europa or Enceladus in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!
As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!
Sources: Science Advances, EurekAlert!, Nature
